Monday, 26 October 2026

Epiphany: CS Lewis

There some moments in life when this world is seemingly penetrated by another. As though there were a chink in space-time and something flashes through the gap, which instantly closes again and we are left with an indescribable longing. We may try to dismiss these experiences, but no amount of rationality can fully erase or subdue the ache that has been planted deep in our souls. 

In his biography, "Suprised by Joy", CS Lewis records two such moments from his childhood when he was about 7 or 8 years old.

As I stood beside a flowering currant Bush on a summer day, there suddenly arose in me, without warning, as if from a depth not of years but of centuries, the memory of (an) earlier morning at the Old House where my brother had brought his toy garden into the nursery. It is difficult to find words strong enough for the sensation which came over me. It was a sensation, of course, of desire. The desire for what? Not certainly for a biscuit tin filled with moss. And before I knew what I desired, the desire itself was gone, the whole glimpse withdrawn, the world turned commonplace again. Or only stirred by a longing for the longing that had just ceased. It had taken only a moment of time, and in a certain sense, everything else that had ever happened to me was insignificant in comparison.

One day he was casually reading and came to these words:

“I heard a voice that cried, Balder The Beautiful is dead, is dead.” 

He writes: 

“I knew nothing about Balder, but instantly I was uplifted into huge regions of northern sky. I desired, with almost sickening intensity, something never to be described … and then, as in other examples, found myself at the very same moment already falling out of that desire and wishing I was back in it.

Lewis had been reading Longfellow's Tegner's Drapa.

I heard a voice, that cried,
"Balder the Beautiful
Is dead, is dead!"
And through the misty air
Passed like the mournful cry
Of sunward sailing cranes.

I saw the pallid corpse
Of the dead sun
Borne through the Northern sky.
Blasts from Niffelheim
Lifted the sheeted mists
Around him as he passed.

And the voice forever cried,
"Balder the Beautiful
Is dead, is dead!"
And died away
Through the dreary night,
In accents of despair.


In his twenties he was a student at Oxford and on  train journey:

I and one porter had the long, timbered platform of Leatherhead station to ourselves. …Turning to the bookstall, I picked out an Everyman in a dirty jacket. Phantasies, a faerie Romance, George MacDonald. Then the train came in. I can still remember the voice of the porter calling out the village names, Saxon and sweet as a nut--"Bookham, Effingham, Horsley train". That evening I began to read my new book.

It is as if I were carried sleeping across the frontier, or as if I had died in the old country and could never remember how I came alive in the new. …I did not yet know (and I was long in learning) the name of the new quality, the bright shadow, that rested on the travels of Anodos. I do now. It was Holiness. .. .. I had not the faintest notion what I had let myself in for by buying Phantastes.

At the end of Suprised by Joy, Lewis has this to say about those early epiphanies:

But what, in conclusion, of Joy? for that, after all, is what the story has mainly been about. To tell you the truth, the subject has lost nearly all interest for me since I became a Christian. .... It was valuable only as a pointer to something other and outer. While that other was in doubt, the pointer naturally loomed large in my thoughts. When we are lost in the woods the sight of a signpost is a great matter. He who first sees it cries, "Look!" The whole party gathers round and stares. But when we have found the road and are passing signposts every few miles, we shall not stop and stare. 

Lewis's Spiritual Journey is His alone

It is a big mistake to read CS Lewis' spiritual journey and wish to emulate it. I fell into this trap time and time again, reading biographies of Christians who had amazing tales to tell and longing to stand in their shoes. I have at last learned such longings are futile and lead only to disappointment and a sense of failure.

Every person is not only unique physically but also spiritually - if you allow such a term. The stories told about Jesus are nearly all encounters with a single person and his response to that individual, man or woman, rich or poor, Jew or Roman, was unique to them. When Peter, asked him, “But Lord, what about this man?” Jesus replied, “If I will that he remains till I come, what is that to you? You follow Me."

Finally, being spiritual and embarking on a spiritual journey does not require being religious or joining a religious faith. Trying to conform to a set of doctrines may hamper rather than hinder your unique journey.


CS Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a scholar of Literature, Philosophy and Medieval English at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. He was a prolific writer, including the Narnia stories and many books of Christian theology and apologetics.


Sunday, 27 September 2026

Timeline of Early Christian Manuscripts & Writers

The dates below reflect a broad mainstream scholarly consensus rather than any one school of thought. For some books, scholarly opinion varies considerably, so the composition dates are given as ranges. The "earliest manuscript" column refers to the earliest surviving Greek manuscript fragment or papyrus containing part of that book, not a complete copy.  

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Earliest manuscripts & dates

 

New Testament Book

Likely Date of Composition

Earliest Known Manuscript Evidence

Approx. Date of Manuscript

Matthew

c. AD 80-90

Papyrus 104 (Matt 21)

c. AD 100-150

Mark

c. AD 65-75

Papyrus 137 (Mark 1)

c. AD 100-150

Luke

c. AD 80-90

Papyrus 4

c. AD 150-175

John

c. AD 90-100

Papyrus 52 (John 18)

c. AD 125-150

Acts

c. AD 80-90

Papyrus 45

c. AD 200-250

Romans

c. AD 56-58

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

1 Corinthians

c. AD 53-55

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

2 Corinthians

c. AD 55-56

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

Galatians

c. AD 48-55

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

Ephesians

c. AD 60-90

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

Philippians

c. AD 60-62

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

Colossians

c. AD 60-90

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

1 Thessalonians

c. AD 50-51

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

2 Thessalonians

c. AD 51-100

Papyrus 30

c. AD 200-250

1 Timothy

c. AD 80-100

Codex Sinaiticus (earliest substantial witness)

c. AD 330-360

2 Timothy

c. AD 80-100

Papyrus 32

c. AD 200

Titus

c. AD 80-100

Papyrus 32

c. AD 200

Philemon

c. AD 55-62

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

Hebrews

c. AD 60-90

Papyrus 46

c. AD 175-225

James

c. AD 70-100

Papyrus 20

c. AD 200-250

1 Peter

c. AD 70-90

Papyrus 72

c. AD 250-300

2 Peter

c. AD 80-120

Papyrus 72

c. AD 250-300

1 John

c. AD 90-110

Papyrus 9

c. AD 200-250

2 John

c. AD 90-110

Papyrus 74

c. AD 600-700*

3 John

c. AD 90-110

Papyrus 74

c. AD 600-700*

Jude

c. AD 80-110

Papyrus 72

c. AD 250-300

Revelation

c. AD 90-96

Papyrus 98

c. AD 150-250

*For 2 and 3 John the manuscript evidence is notably sparse; there are no surviving second- or third-century papyri containing those tiny letters. 

 Timeline of Main Writers following the death of Jesus 

(c. AD 30) to AD 400,

Dates are approximate and often debated. 

AD 30-100: Apostolic Age

 

Date

Person/event

Significance

c. 30-33

Jesus crucified; resurrection proclaimed

Beginning of Christian movement

c. 33

Pentecost

Earliest Jerusalem church

c. 34-36

Conversion of Paul

Christianity begins expanding beyond Judaism

C. 40-60

Paul's missionary journeys

Churches established across eastern Mediterranean

c. 45-62

James, brother of Jesus

Leader of Jerusalem church

c. 50-60

Paul's major letters written

Earliest Christian writings

c. 62

James martyred

End of first Jerusalem leadership

c. 64-67

Peter martyred in Rome (traditional)

Leading apostle of early church

c. 64-68

Paul martyred in Rome (traditional)

Greatest missionary of early Christianity

c. 70

Destruction of Jerusalem Temple

Major turning point

c. 65-75

Gospel of Mark

First Gospel

c. 80-90

Matthew and Luke-Acts

Expansion of written traditions

c. 90-100

John, Johannine letters, Revelation

Final apostolic generation

c. 95-100

Death of John (traditional)

Last surviving apostle

 AD 90-160: Apostolic Fathers

These are the figures closest to the apostles themselves.


Approx. Dates

Figure

Importance

c. 35-100

Clement of Rome

1 Clement, earliest surviving Christian text outside NT

c. 80-120

Didache (anonymous)

Early church manual

c. 85-115

Ignatius of Antioch

Letters stressing bishops, Eucharist, church unity

c. 95-130

Papias

Preserves early traditions about Gospel origins

c. 69-155

Polycarp of Smyrna

Disciple of John; link to apostolic age

c. 100-160

Shepherd of Hermas

Extremely influential devotional work

 

These writers show Christianity transitioning from apostolic leadership to institutional church structures. 

AD 150-250: Apologists and Early Theologians

Approx. Dates

Figure

Importance

c. 100-165

Justin martyr

First major christian philosopher

c. 130-202

Irenaeus of lyons

Defended four-gospel canon; opposed gnosticism

c. 155-220

Tertullian

First major latin theologian

c. 150-215

Clement of Alexandria

Integrated Greek philosophy and Christianity

c. 185-253

Origen

Greatest biblical scholar of the early church

c. 170-235

Hippolytus

Important theologian and commentator

c. 200-258

Cyprian of Carthage

Influential bishop and martyr

 AD 250-325: Age of Persecution and Transition


Date

Event

249-251

Decian persecution

303-311

Great Persecution under Diocletian

312

Constantine's conversion

313

Edict of Milan legalises Christianity

325

Council of Nicaea

Christianity moves from a persecuted minority to an imperially favoured religion.

AD 300-400: The Great Church Fathers

This is often called the Golden Age of Patristics.

 

Approx. Dates

Figure

Importance

260-339

Eusebius of Caesarea

First great church historian

296-373

Athanasius

Defender of Nicene Christianity

329-379

Basil the Great

Major architect of Trinitarian theology

330-390

Gregory Nazianzen

"The Theologian"

335-395

Gregory of Nyssa

Profound mystical theologian

347-420

Jerome

Latin Vulgate translator

339-397

Ambrose of Milan

Influenced Augustine

349-407

John Chrysostom

Greatest preacher of the early church

354-430

Augustine of Hippo

Most influential Western theologian

 Key Surviving Writers by Century


1st Century

2nd Century

3rd Century

4th Century

Paul

Ignatius

Tertullian

Eusebius

Mark

Polycarp

Clement of Alexandria

Athanasius

Matthew

Papias

Origen

Basil

Luke

Justin Martyr

Cyprian

Gregory Nazianzen

John

Irenaeus

Gregory of Nyssa

Clement of Rome

Ambrose

Jerome

John Chrysostom

Augustine

 This timeline gives a nearly continuous chain from Jesus (c. AD 30) through John, Polycarp, and Irenaeus to Augustine (d. AD 430), showing how Christian teaching developed and was transmitted over the first four centuries.